The Arctic Ocean is a focal point of climate change, with ocean warming, freshening, sea-ice decline, and circulation that link to the changing atmospheric and terrestrial environment. Major features of the Arctic and the interconnected nature of its wind- and buoyancy-driven circulation are reviewe...

Arctic Ocean surface circulation plays an important role in the global ocean circulation system. In recent years, its position and velocity have been changing constantly, attracting increasing attention. The cause of this change, however, is still a matter of disagreement. In this paper, we use empi...

The evolving knowledge of the Arctic Ocean, its hydrography and its water masses and their transformations and circulation is reviewed starting with the observations made on Fram 1893–1896 and extending to the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007–2009. The expeditions and observations after Fram to t...