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  1. Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com › animal › echinoderm › Paleontology-and-evolution

    Echinoderm - Evolution, Adaptations, Paleontology

    • Learn about the origins and diversity of echinoderms, a phylum of marine invertebrates with five-part symmetry and calcite skeletons. Explore the fossil record, the living classes, and the controversies over t… 展开

    Overview

    Because the phylum Echinodermata was already well diversified by the Lower Cambrian Period, a considerable amount of Precambrian evolution must have taken place. A Precam… 展开

    Britannica
    Extinct echinoderms

    Because the phylum Echinodermata was already well diversified by the Lower Cambrian Period, a considerable amount of Precambrian evolution must have taken place. A Precam… 展开

    Britannica
    Extant echinoderms

    Relationships among the living classes of echinoderms have been the subject of debate for many decades. Some scientists believe that larval stages reflect the interrelationship… 展开

    Britannica
    Distinguishing taxonomic features

    The classification of the echinoderms underwent a great upheaval during the 1970s and 1980s, and much disagreement remains. The five subphyla presented here are based upon … 展开

    Britannica
    How did echinoderms evolve during the Ordovician era?
    In contrast, stalked echinoderms mostly diversified during the Ordovician following the evolution of several key features (e.g., erect feeding appendages and structured theca), while ensuing morphological diversification and iterative evolution produced many similar forms within a particular ecologic niche.
    sciencedirect.com
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    目录
    Overview
    Extinct echinoderms
    Extant echinoderms
    Distinguishing taxonomic features
    How did echinoderms evolve during the Ordovician era?
     
  1. However, the reasons why echinoderms evolved their unique pentaradial body plan remain unclear. ▪ The Cambrian fossil record provides valuable insights into the origin and early evolution of echinoderms over half a billion years ago. ▪ Cambrian echinoderms were morphologically diverse, with several extinct groups exhibiting character combinations that distinguish them from living species. ▪ Phylogenetic analyses of bilateral, asymmetrical, triradial, and pentaradial fossils have allowed us to decipher the assembly of the modern echinoderm body plan. ▪ Echinoderms became ecologically diverse early in their history, with varied modes of feeding, locomotion, and attachment.
    了解详细信息：
    However, the reasons why echinoderms evolved their unique pentaradial body plan remain unclear. ▪ The Cambrian fossil record provides valuable insights into the origin and early evolution of echinoderms over half a billion years ago. ▪ Cambrian echinoderms were morphologically diverse, with several extinct groups exhibiting character combinations that distinguish them from living species. ▪ Phylogenetic analyses of bilateral, asymmetrical, triradial, and pentaradial fossils have allowed us to decipher the assembly of the modern echinoderm body plan. ▪ Echinoderms became ecologically diverse early in their history, with varied modes of feeding, locomotion, and attachment.

    Origin and Early Evolution of Echinoderm…

    www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/a…
    During the Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician, two echinoderm classes went extinct and at least eight others evolved. This class-level turnover event resulted in dramatic changes in the total amount of morphospace occupied as several new asterozoan, crinoid and echinozoan body plans evolved.

    Early echinoderms decouple form and fu…

    www.nature.com/articles/s41559-022-01664-8
    Evolution of echinoderm larvae has taken place over widely varying time scales from the origins of larvae of living classes in the early Palaeozoic, approximately 500 million years ago, to recent, rapid and large-scale changes that have occurred within living genera within a span of less than a million years to a few million years.

    The active evolutionary lives of echinoder…

    www.nature.com/articles/6800866
    Echinoderms were ecologically, taxonomically, and morphologically diverse during the Cambrian and Ordovician periods, about 541–444 million years ago (Figure 1). During the early Paleozoic, they encompassed more than 30 distinctive clades.

    Evolution and Development at the Origi…

    www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098…
  2. 其他用户还问了以下问题
    Do echinoderms evolve body plans?
    In summary, our study highlights the genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic changes behind the evolution of unique features in echinoderms, and offers an exceptional case in understanding the general tendency for the evolution of body plans. Fig. 3: Skeletal element related proteins/domains identified in echinoderms.

    Genomic insights of body plan transitions from bilateral to pentameral

    nature.com
    Are echinoderms a good model for morphological evolution?
    Conclusion In the post-genomic era, echinoderm developmental model systems present a unique opportunity to interrogate the mechanisms of morphological evolution. Indeed echinoderms, and in particular the sea urchin, have been powerful models for developmental biology for over a century.

    Echinoderm development and evolution in the post-genomic era

    sciencedirect.com
    How did echinoderms evolve during the Ordovician era?
    In contrast, stalked echinoderms mostly diversified during the Ordovician following the evolution of several key features (e.g., erect feeding appendages and structured theca), while ensuing morphological diversification and iterative evolution produced many similar forms within a particular ecologic niche.

    Evolution and Development at the Origin of a Phylum

    sciencedirect.com
    Where did echinoderms come from?
    The echinoderms and hemichordates are further grouped together as the Ambulacraria (Fig. 1). There is a rich fossil record of echinoderms, which informs our current understanding of the evolution of this phylum. The earliest echinoderms are thought to have emerged in the Cambrian around 530-524 MYA (Smith, 1988).

    Echinoderm development and evolution in the post-genomic era

    sciencedirect.com
    Are echinoderms diversified?
    Echinoderm - Evolution, Adaptations, Paleontology: Phylum Echinodermata was already well diversified by the Lower Cambrian Period; the extensive fossil record has many gaps. There is much disagreement about the classification of echinoderms.

    Echinoderm - Evolution, Adaptations, Paleontology | Britannica

    britannica.com
    What makes echinoderms unique?
    Echinoderms, defined by their calcitic endoskeleton, unique water vascular system and perhaps most strikingly by their pentaradial body plan 1, 2, are among the most enigmatic animal phyla.

    Molecular evidence of anteroposterior patterning in adult echinoderms

    nature.com
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  3. Annual Reviews
    https://www.annualreviews.org › content › journals

    Origin and Early Evolution of Echinoderms | Annual Reviews

  4. Nature
    https://www.nature.com › articles

    Genomic insights of body plan transitions from bilateral to …

  5. ScienceDirect
    https://www.sciencedirect.com › science › article › pii

    Evolution and Development at the Origin of a Phylum

  6. ScienceDirect
    https://www.sciencedirect.com › science › article › pii

    Echinoderm development and evolution in the post-genomic era

  7. Nature
    https://www.nature.com › articles

    Molecular evidence of anteroposterior patterning in adult …

  8. Cell Press
    https://www.cell.com › current-biology › f…

    Evolution: Mapping Out Early Echinoderms: Current …

    2020年7月6日 · A study of the early fossil record of echinoderms reveals dynamic patterns of body plan evolution and challenges current theories about their origin and maintenance. The article reviews the methods, …

  9. Nature
    https://www.nature.com › articles

    The active evolutionary lives of echinoderm larvae | Heredity

  10. plos.org
    https://journals.plos.org › plosone › article

    Plated Cambrian Bilaterians Reveal the Earliest Stages …

    2012年6月6日 · Many fossil echinoderms are radial and a few are asymmetric, but until now none have been described that show the original bilaterian stage in echinoderm evolution. Here we report new fossils from the early middle …

  11. Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Echino…

    Echinoderm - Wikipedia

    Echinoderms evolved from animals with bilateral symmetry. Although adult echinoderms possess pentaradial symmetry, their larvae are ciliated, free-swimming organisms with bilateral symmetry. Later, during metamorphosis, …