Conditions typical of Arctic lands are extreme fluctuations between summer and winter temperatures; permanent snow and ice in the high country and grasses, sedges, and low shrubs in the lowlands; and permanently frozen ground (permafrost), the surface layer of which is subject to summer thawing.

The climate of the Arctic is characterized by long, cold winters and short, cool summers. There is a large amount of variability in climate across the Arctic, but all regions experience extremes of solar radiation in both summer and winter.

The climate of the Arctic region is characterized by cold winters and cool summers. Its precipitation mostly comes in the form of snow and is low, with most of the area receiving less than 50 cm (20 in). High winds often stir up snow, creating the illusion of continuous snowfall.

The Arctic region's climate is very cold and harsh for most of the year due to the Earth's axial tilt. Because of this, the region never receives direct sunlight, but instead gets rays indirectly and thus gets less solar radiation.

The Arctic refers to the region surrounding the North Pole, characterized by extreme cold, ice-covered seas, and unique ecosystems. This area plays a crucial role in Earth's climate system as it influences global weather patterns and ocean circulation, making it essential for understanding air mass characteristics and classification.