Political situation
Before Konfrontasi, Sukarno sought to develop an independent Indonesian foreign policy, focused on the annexation of Dutch … 展开

Command arrangements
In early January 1963, the military forces in northern Borneo, having arrived in December 1962 in response to the Brunei Revolt, were under the … 展开

• Brunei revolt
• Communist insurgency in Sarawak
• Cold War in Asia
• Combat operations in 1963 during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 展开

• General Assembly 15th Session – The Trusteeship System and Non-Self-Governing Territories (pages:509–510)
• General … 展开

Beginning of hostilities
Sukarno's motives for beginning the confrontation are contested. Former Indonesian Foreign Minister Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung argued years later that Sukarno intentionally muted Indonesia's opposition to the … 展开

The conflict lasted nearly four years; however, following Sukarno's replacement with General Suharto, Indonesian interest in pursuing the war with … 展开

• Blum, William (2003). Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. Zed Books. ISBN 9781842773697.
• Cain, Frank … 展开